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Until 1978 China was a socialist planned economy that promoted gender equalities as one of the key principles of societal organization. After it embarked on economic reforms, particularly in the 1990s and early 2000s, gender inequalities in the labor markets of China increased. Gender inequality in the labor market emerged as a significant economic and social problem as market-oriented reforms unfolded in China.〔Zhongzhe Wu, 2009〕 In international terms, gender inequality in China is relatively low. In 2011 China ranked 35th on the United Nations Development Programme's Gender Inequality Index (GII) among 142 countries for which the index was calculated. Among the components of GII, in 2011 China’s maternal mortality ratio was 38 out of 100,000 live births; 54.8% of women (aged 25 and older) had completed secondary education or more, while the counterpart statistic for men was 70.4%; women's labor force participation rate was 67.4% compared to 79.7% for men; and women representatives constituted 21.3% of seats in national parliament.〔UNDP, 2011〕 ==Mao era and labor market equality by gender== In the era of the planned economy (1949-1978) or Mao Zedong era (1949-1976), via the strength of the communist party and the People’s government policy, Chinese women’s status changed from “family private person” of traditional society to a "social person", and Chinese women gained the same status in the legal sense as men.〔Xiaojiang Li, 2000〕 The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China enacted in 1954 expressly stated that women and men enjoy equal rights. In legal terms, China realized the ideal of equal pay for equal work for men and women.〔 In order to achieve gender equality, the China's Communist Party and the People’s government undertook various measures to liberate women, and implemented the policy of equality and equal pay for equal work and equal opportunities for men and women.〔 However, in practice, there still existed gender inequality in pay in the workplace in this era.,〔Jieyu Liu, 2007〕 owing to the occupational and industrial segregation by sex. For example, during the planned economy enterprises had typical occupational differentiation into two groups, i.e. the primary jobs and secondary jobs, and men were more likely to be allocated to do the primary jobs and women are more likely to be allocated to do the secondary jobs.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gender inequality in China」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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